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History Happenings Newsletter: Timely lessons and activities in history and social studies for users of ProQuest solutions
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  History Happenings Special Edition: The Olympics
Just in time for the Summer Olympics in Beijing, this special edition of History Happenings contains hands-on ideas for using ProQuest Historical Newspapers, History Study Center, SIRS Decades, and CultureGrams' World Conflicts Today.

Be sure to sign up for free trials of all of these classoom-ready and standards-aligned resources to take full advantage of this special content, written by Adam Blackwell, a member of our ProQuest Product Management team.



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  Untold Stories from Athens to Beijing
Theme Overview

Kerri Strug--her ankle tender and swollen after a bad fall on her first vault--sets off again. If she nails this second vault, Team USA will win the gold. If she slips up, it will be the Russian women standing on the victory podium. Fighting back tears of pain, the diminutive teenager executes a superb vault. Then she collapses and has to be carried to the podium in the arms of her ecstatic coach.

Kerri Strug's Vault for Ratings During NBC's Olympics Coverage
NBC replayed the "second vault" on what sometimes appeared
to be an endless loop. (Atlanta, July 23, 1996)


For the millions of Americans who sat glued to their televisions on the night of July 23, 1996, it was the kind of drama that made watching dozens of annoying Olympic promos and hundreds of dreary commercials worthwhile. The summer equivalent of the Miracle on Ice, it was the Atlanta games' one true "Where were you when . . ." moment.

Except it wasn't.

Here's why. To maximize the drama, NBC (the network that had paid millions to broadcast the Olympics in America) presented the gymnastic final in what appeared to be real time. In fact, the competition had ended hours earlier while most Americans were working, driving home, or eating dinner. What's more, NBC withheld from its viewers a highly significant piece of information: that Team USA would have won the gold even without Kerri Strug's second jump.

It isn't clear whether, in the heat of the competition, Strug's coaches realized that. What is clear is that, by the time the events were broadcast, NBC knew it. But neither the anchor nor the announcers said a word, thereby turning a brave but ultimately pointless act of self-sacrifice into the signature moment of the entire games.

The suppression of elements that don't fit neatly into inspirational narratives is not something that happened only at the Atlanta games. Indeed, from the moment the ancient Olympics were revived in Athens in 1896, there has been a tendency for troublesome facts to be suppressed. Learn more about suppression in the modern Olympic movement from this special edition of History Happenings.


 
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  The Games that Never Were
History Study Center

It is an inspirational story. Pierre de Coubertin, a Frenchman, looks to ancient Greece for ways of using sports to celebrate human achievement and promote peace and international understanding. But is it possible that in re-launching the Olympics in the late 19th century de Coubertin was trying to revive something that was never there? Check out this new History Study Center teaching activity to find out.

Jesse Owens @ Stunning Performance in 1936
Jesse Owens won four gold medals for the U.S. team. (Berlin, 1936)

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Out of Sight, Out of Mind
SIRS Decades

Have you ever crossed a street to steer clear of a panhandler? Or changed the channel so as not to have to watch emaciated children in Africa? If so, then you'll understand what typically goes on in host cities before the games begin. If not, you'll likely find such preparations outrageous. Read more in this graphics-based activity from SIRS Decades.

Pro-Tibetan Activist Arrested During Torch Relay
A pro-Tibetan activist is arrested. (Paris, April 7, 2008)

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  What Happens in Kabul...
World Conflicts Today

After the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan in December 1979, U.S. president Jimmy Carter ordered American athletes to stay away from the 1980 Moscow games. In ordering the boycott, Carter sought to call attention to Soviet actions in Afghanistan--hoping all the while that U.S. actions in Afghanistan would remain secret. Read about the intrigue in this new teaching activity from World Conflicts Today.

The Mujahideen in Afghanistan in the 1980s
The Afghan mujahideen enjoyed considerable support
from the United States. (Eastern Afghanistan, 1980s)

 

The Ugliness of Beauty
ProQuest Historical Newspapers

ProQuest Historical Newspapers Icon Finally, is it possible to enjoy even the juiciest top sirloin if you've just watched the slaughter of the cow from which it came? Most steak eaters, to their relief, will never have to find out. Few restaurants, after all, are located next to slaughterhouses, and menus don't include photos of butchered cattle next to the beef entrees.

Now what does eating steak have to do with watching women's gymnastics?

In "Cathy Rigby, Unlike Peter, Did Grow Up," New York Times columnist George Vecsey tells the life story of a great Olympian who left gymnastics for the stage. But between a gold medal at the Mexico City games in 1968 and a successful Broadway run as Peter Pan in 1996, there were trying times. Cathy Rigby almost died, twice finding herself in the emergency room with the kind of electrolyte imbalance that killed the singer Karen Carpenter.

Christy Henrich, a gymnast who narrowly missed qualifying for the 1988 Seoul Olympics, had no such escape. The 22-year-old Missouri native suffered multiple organ failures and died in a hospital in Kansas City on July 26, 1994.

The disease that killed Henrich and nearly killed Rigby was anorexia. People suffering from anorexia have vastly distorted perceptions of their own bodies, persistently seeing themselves as fat even when they're emaciated. As a result, they continually starve themselves and regularly throw up what little they do eat.


Gymnast Cathy Henrich's Funeral
Family and friends gather to mourn.
(Christy Henrich's funeral, July 29, 1994)

While relatively few anorexics die, many suffer symptoms ranging from fatigue and low self-esteem to osteoporosis, ruptured stomachs, irregular heartbeats, and torn organ membranes.

But is it fair to blame the disease and all its symptoms on the sport?

Christy Henrich's mother has no doubt that, in her daughter's case, it is.

"Ninety-nine percent of what has happened to Christy," she said in 1993 when her daughter weighed just 60 pounds, "is because of the sport. All the focus is on the body."

And Peggy Busto, a family therapist who used to counsel gymnasts at Cal State Fullerton, suggests the problem is endemic. According to Ms. Busto, gymnasts feel they "can never be thin enough."

Now back to the original question: what's the connection between watching women's gymnastics and eating steak?

Cathy Rigby--whose eating problems began after she failed to medal in the 1972 Munich games--provided a clue, when she called attention to all the "denial in gymnastics." She was referring specifically to young girls denying the effects on their bodies of prolonged under-eating. But Olympic spectators who find women's gymnastics inspirational also tend to deny things: the unhealthy, demoralizing, and occasionally lethal habits of many of the competitors.

Just as restaurant patrons may order less beef if they saw what happened to the carcasses of the cows they eat, gymnastics fans may purchase fewer tickets if they saw what happened to the bodies of the girls they watch.

Activity
Search Historical Newspapers Graphical for articles about gold medal gymnasts from at least two Olympic Games.

Read through the articles and identify any language that could be interpreted as celebrating thinness or smallness. Rewrite those passages so that the emphasis is on style, creativity, and other qualities not necessarily connected to physical stature.
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